Unit 6 Adhikar Thulo Ki Kartabya

Vocabulary : Shabdabhandar

1. Match the given words with their meanings:

(Pratiyogita) - Competition or Rivalry
(Vakta) - Speaker, one who speaks
(Kayapalat) - Great transformation
(Abhimat) - Opinion, thought of mind
(Kasi) - Criterion, means of determining the standard of an object
(Kanoon) - Law, the sum of rules made to maintain judicial order in the state, dynamic
(Naisargik) - Natural, inherent
(Ghoshnapatra) - Manifesto, a document declaring the commitment of any organization or individual


2. Write a paragraph using the given words:

All of us Nepalis must fulfill our duties. Our constitution also mentions the duties of citizens. The process of forming the current constitution was very challenging. Now, as humans, we must work for each other's welfare. We must protect the country's democracy and empower citizens with rights.


3. Find and write homophones from the given paragraph:

Homophones :-
(din) (deen) (day - poor)
(kriti) - (kirti) (creation - fame)
द्वीप (dweep) - दीप (deep) (island - lamp)
सित (sit) - शीत (sheet) (with - cold)
जुन (jun) - जून (joon) (moon - June)


4. Use the given words in separate sentences to clarify their meanings:

(a) बाजी (baji) - बाजि (baji)
- My uncle won a lot of money by betting in gambling.
- Kamal tried to climb Everest many times but couldn't.

(b) अवधी (awadhi) - अवधि (avadhi)
- Awadhi is one of the many languages of Nepal.
- Due to lack of time, I could not prepare for SEE.

(c) तिन (tin) - तीन (teen)
- I said let's go watch a movie, but she heard something else.
- Jiyans bought a mobile for forty thousand.

(d) पूरा (pura) - पुरा (pura)
- The work started by Prakhyat was completed by Prashna.
- Ganesh ate the whole thing that Pawan had eaten.

(e) फेरि (pheri) - फेरी (pheri)
- After failing SEE, Manoj took the exam again.
- I gave the exam again.
- I get very scared when the yogi performs the ritual at night.

(f) शूर (shoor) - सुर (sur)
- We should be brave after becoming human.
- A person without a tune does not sound good when singing.



Comprehension and Expression: Bodh & Abhivyakti


1. Pronounce the given words correctly:

विश्वव्यापी (Vishwavyaapi - Global), सङ्ग्राम (Sangraam - Struggle), उत्प्रेरित (Utprerit - Inspired), प्रज्वलित (Prajwalit - Ignited), प्रतिष्पर्धा (Pratishpardha - Competition), ज्वलन्त दृष्टान्त (Jwalanta Drishtanta - Burning example), कुण्ठित (Kunthit - Frustrated), उद्घोषक (Udghoshak - Announcer), कर्तव्यपरायण (Kartavyaparayan - Dutiful)


2. Participate in the debate 'Is Right Greater or Duty Greater?' by playing the role of a speaker and reciting the debate with gestures and expressions.

- Follow your teacher's instructions.


3. Answer the given questions:

(a) Is right greater or duty greater? State the rules that speakers must follow in the debate.

- The rules that speakers must follow in the debate are as follows:
(a) Each speaker is allotted five minutes. A warning bell will ring at four minutes, and the final bell will ring at five minutes. The speaker's time will end after the final bell.
(b) No discriminatory or accusatory remarks against any caste, class, religion, community, region, gender, or disability are allowed.
(c) When refuting opponents' statements, arguments must be presented in a restrained and polite manner.
(d) Speakers are not allowed to refer to any written notes.
(e) The decision of the judging panel will be final.

(b) How many characters are directly involved in the debate text?
- There are 5 characters directly involved in the debate text.

(c) Who is the first speaker in the debate and whom has he addressed?
- The first speaker in the debate is Chidananda Chaudhary, and he has addressed the chairperson, chief guest, judging panel, teachers, fellow competitors, and all present students.

(d) In whose statement does the reference to Yudhishthira appear in the debate?
- The reference to Yudhishthira appears in Padam Gupta's statement in the debate.


4. Read the given excerpt from the debate and answer the questions:

(a) What did Socrates do for his devotion to truth and duty?
- Socrates drank hemlock poison for his devotion to truth and duty.

(b) What mystery did Buddha seek?
- Buddha sought the mystery of what suffering is in the world and how humanity can be liberated from it.

(c) How can we fulfill our duties?
- We can fulfill our duties by being responsible in our respective places.

(d) What fundamental duties are mentioned in the debate excerpt?
- The debate excerpt mentions fundamental duties such as respect for the nation, preservation of freedom and shared cultural heritage, religious tolerance, and respect for linguistic diversity.


5. Identify the speakers of the given statements and discuss the intent of those statements in class:

(a) The decision of the judging panel will be final.
- Announcer Rama Panjiyar

(b) To do good to others is a moral duty.
- Padam Gupta

(c) All Nepalis have the right to exercise their rights without discrimination, simply by being citizens.
- Shruti Sah

(d) Duty is greater than right because duty is an inexhaustible source of happiness.
- Chidananda Chaudhary

(e) To build a strong foundation for the nation and nationality, people from every class should not feel injustice.
- Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala's statement by speaker Bharat Bhandari

(f) Devotion to duty is the highest form of devotion or worship.
- Vivekananda's statement by Chidananda Chaudhary

(g) No one has the power to snatch away the rights of nature; let anyone try to snatch away nature's rights!
- Shruti Sah


6. Answer the given questions:

(a) Which is greater, right or duty? Write the three main statements made by Chidananda Chaudhary in the debate regarding the fulfillment of duty.

- Duty inspires people to be life-affirming, to generate positive thoughts in their minds, and many ideal individuals in the world have been tested and proven great in the crucible of duty in their respective places. A society where everyone fulfills their duties from their respective places becomes civilized and cultured.

(b) How is the subject of duty mentioned in our ancient scriptures, based on the debate? Write.

- The subject of duty is mentioned with priority in our ancient scriptures. One should perform otherworldly duties with wealth earned righteously (Nitiskloka). One should honestly fulfill the right to perform duties that are in one's hands (Gita). 'Matri Devo Bhava, Pitri Devo Bhava, Acharya Devo Bhava' (Upanishad). It is clear from the inclusion of such statements that the subject of duty is given priority in our ancient scriptures.

(c) Write the essence of Bharat Bhandari's statement regarding rights.

- Duty cannot be fulfilled without rights. A child, as soon as born, has a right rather than a duty. Therefore, rights are birthright, and duty is a subject that is added later, so the importance of rights is greater than duty. This is the essence of Bharat Bhandari's statement regarding rights.

(d) Write the essence of Shruti Sah's statement.

- Movements have taken place for the attainment of rights because rights are great. Nature has all rights and is therefore fulfilling its duties. The inherent rights obtained by humans at birth, essential for the overall personality development and a respectful and moral life, are superior to duty.


7. Explain:

(a) Only when polished on the touchstone of duty is every person's personality successfully tested.

- This statement was made by Chidananda Chaudhary, a speaker in the debate. This statement came when emphasizing that duty is greater than right. Whether a person is successful or unsuccessful is determined by the fulfillment of duty.

In the context of fulfilling his duty towards his father, when Rama went into exile, he became Maryada Purushottam and was worshipped as God. Gautam Buddha became great by fulfilling his duty of seeking the mystery of what suffering is in the world and how humanity can be liberated from it. The great results obtained from small actions also reflect the greatness of duty. A society where everyone fulfills their duties from their respective places becomes civilized and cultured. If citizens clean around their homes, the entire village or city becomes clean. The hard work of farmers, regardless of rain or clouds, produces food for everyone. When a teacher remembers their dedication to their profession and acts accordingly, the teacher's duty is fulfilled. Thus, it is sought to clarify that a person is called successful only when they fulfill their duties.


(b) To tell someone to fulfill their duty without giving them rights is like sending them to battle without weapons. It's like telling someone to walk with shackles on their feet.

- This statement was made by Bharat Bhandari, a speaker who argues that rights are greater than duties. Here, an example is presented to show that rights are indeed greater.

Rights are the first condition for human beings. Without rights, a person becomes disabled. A child needs rights as soon as they are born. Rights are birthright, while duty is a subject that is added later. Farmers can only produce grain if they receive seeds and fertilizer. Similarly, people can only fulfill their duties if they first receive rights. Duty without rights is like curry without salt and pickle without sourness. To tell someone to fulfill their duty without giving them rights is like sending them to battle without weapons. It's like telling someone to walk with shackles on their feet, or like telling them to work with handcuffs on their hands. Without rights, a person is weak. Just as a person cannot walk with shackles on their feet, duty cannot be fulfilled without rights. Thus, the sentiment that duty can never be fulfilled without rights is clearly expressed in this debate excerpt.


8. Which speaker's statement did you like among the debaters on 'Is Right Greater or Duty Greater?' and why?

- Among the speakers in the debate 'Is Right Greater or Duty Greater?', I liked Chidananda Chaudhary's statement. In his statement, he presented various sayings and examples from Eastern philosophy and Western thinkers. If we all start fulfilling our duties, everything will be good. Similarly, I feel that one reason our country lags behind is the habit of Nepalis to not be responsible towards their duties and always raise their voices only for rights. The context of movements in Nepal in the name of rights is also connected to this. I hold the view of 'what I gave to the country, not what the country gave me' and consider duty to be greater. His argument is logical. He has also substantiated his statements with examples. His address, knowledge of the subject matter, and conclusion are excellent. For these reasons, I liked his statement.


10. You have read different arguments about rights and duties in the debate. Discuss with your friends about the relationship between rights and duties and present your conclusion in class.

Relationship between rights and duties:
- Rights are something a person gets by birth while duty is something one realizes themselves.
- Rights are about receiving, duty is about behavior or consciousness.
- Rights are received from others, duty is behavior performed by oneself.
- Rights are the seed and plant, duty is the fruit.
Thus, rights and duties are two sides of the same coin.


12. Should every parent accumulate wealth for their children or provide them with quality education? Divide into pros and cons and discuss in class.

Should children be given wealth or quality education?

- Respected Chairperson, Chief Guest, Guests, Judges, Teachers, my fellow competitors, and all present students! Today, in this debate, I am presenting my arguments in favor of the topic, that is, that children should be given quality education. Respected Chairperson! The saying 'Knowledge is the greatest wealth' is well-known. The wealth of education never perishes or gets destroyed. Due to quality education, children can stand on their own feet and earn a living. Parents should dream of making their children rich in education, even if they themselves become poor in wealth. Wealth is temporary, but education helps a person throughout life. Wherever we go, education follows us. Although it is difficult to acquire, it is essential for economic as well as intellectual progress. An educated person can lead a respectable life. The possibility of being humiliated is less for them. The support of wealth is only as long as it lasts, which is temporary. If a child is uneducated and their parents have given them wealth, their power also ends when the wealth runs out. But if they have been given education instead of those things, they can live their whole life on their own abilities and save others as well. Nelson Mandela said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” Similarly, Aristotle said, “The difference between a dead person and a living person is as much as the difference between an educated and an uneducated person.” This also highlights the importance of quality education. From education, knowledge arises, and from knowledge, wisdom arises. Through education, a person has the ability to understand life and the world, but wealth makes a person lazy, greedy, covetous, selfish, and luxurious. Luxury destroys a person's विवेक (wisdom). Therefore, the duty of parents is to provide proper education to their children. We have seen many incidents where parents suffer abroad to accumulate wealth for their children, and children get caught in bad habits due to not receiving good education and संस्कार (values) at home. (Bell rings.) Wealth and property destroy humanity in a person and create animality. In ethics, parents who separate their children from education are said to be their greatest enemies. Therefore, I conclude my statement by saying that children should be made entitled to education, not custodians of wealth. Thank you!


13. Is Right Greater or Duty Greater? Following the debate presentation format, refute the statement of the first speaker in the text.

- Respected Chairperson,
Chief Guest, Judges in the role of decision-makers,
Teachers, my fellow competitors, and all present students!
I, Pukar Ali, a 10th-grade student of Ratna Rajya Laxmi Secondary School, am presenting my arguments on the opposition side of the topic, that is, that rights are greater.

Respected Chairperson!
Rights refer to legal, traditional, or moral entitlements. The moment we say 'rights,' it implies ownership over something. Rights are something a child is born with. A person's first acquisition is rights. Therefore, it is not possible for a person to fulfill duties without rights. The previous speaker argued that duty is greater than rights. He recited verses from the Puranas. He argued that Socrates drank hemlock poison for his devotion to truth and duty, but that was not for duty but because he became a target of the government when exercising his right to freedom, and he preferred to die rather than back down from his views. He said that if government employees fulfill their duty of providing service with a smile, work will be done quickly and efficiently, but if a person does not even get the right to education, how can they become an employee and fulfill their duty? First, people need the right to live as human beings, only then can they fulfill their duties. A hungry stomach, a suffering person, can never fulfill their duty. He said that duty can be fulfilled whether one is in a position or not. If this is the case, why are there hierarchies of positions, elections, etc.? Are these not necessary? I want to ask him. Individuals like Abraham Lincoln, Nelson Mandela, and Mahatma Gandhi became world-famous by playing leading roles for rights, and their greatness is reflected in this. If the people had not raised their voices for the right to freedom, we would probably still be enduring the oppression of autocratic rule.

(Bell rings.) Finally, a person's stomach cannot be filled by merely repeating the ideal of duty. Everyone needs to first receive rights to fulfill their duties. Therefore, stating that rights are greater than duties, I conclude my statement here. Thank you.


14. Read the given paragraph and answer the questions:

(a) What is poverty?
- Poverty is understood as the state of not being able to fulfill basic necessities for living, such as food, shelter, and clothing.

(b) Why does poverty increase?
- Poverty increases due to illiteracy, high population growth rate, unemployment, low economic growth rate, and other reasons.

(c) What actions can be taken for poverty alleviation?
- Poverty can be alleviated by identifying poverty and implementing employment and self-employment skill development training and education programs.

(d) Whose role is indispensable in poverty alleviation in Nepal?
- In Nepal, the role of governmental, cooperative, community, private, and non-governmental sectors, as well as development partners, is indispensable in poverty alleviation.

(b) Identify linguistic structure and spelling:

(a) Pick a sentence in the present tense from the paragraph and change it to the unknown aspect.
- Due to poverty, individuals are deprived of participating in all kinds of opportunities of the nation, leading to a situation where they are excluded from the mainstream of development. Due to poverty, individuals were deprived of participating in all kinds of opportunities of the nation, leading to a situation where they were excluded from the mainstream of development.

(b) Pick a sentence in the present tense from the paragraph and change it to the habitual aspect.
- The problem of poverty is increasing day by day in the world. The problem of poverty used to increase day by day in the world.

(c) Rewrite the sentence by correcting the errors in the places where they occur: (Looking at the Human Development Index, the impact of poverty is highly visible in sectors like education and health.)
(Looking at the Human Development Index, the impact of poverty is highly visible in sectors like education and health.)